"Un hombre se propone la tarea de dibujar el mundo. A lo largo de los años puebla un espacio con imágenes de provincias, de reinos, de montañas, de bahías, de naves, de islas, de peces, de habitaciones, de instrumentos, de astros, de caballos y de personas. Poco antes de morir, descubre que ese paciente laberinto de líneas traza la imagen de su cara."
jueves, 27 de noviembre de 2008
"Un hombre se propone la tarea de dibujar el mundo. A lo largo de los años puebla un espacio con imágenes de provincias, de reinos, de montañas, de bahías, de naves, de islas, de peces, de habitaciones, de instrumentos, de astros, de caballos y de personas. Poco antes de morir, descubre que ese paciente laberinto de líneas traza la imagen de su cara."
lunes, 20 de octubre de 2008
miércoles, 15 de octubre de 2008
Sidney-Perth
Hay un tren q sale de Sindney a Perth en australia q recorre 4500Km!! Tres dias y tres noches! con tarifas para mochileros...limenla un toque y vean esta page...
para ir armando esta locura!
http://www.gsr.com.au/our-trains/indian-pacific/train-fares.php?f=s2p
sábado, 11 de octubre de 2008
miércoles, 8 de octubre de 2008
POTABILIZAR AGUA
Miren esa pagina que esta bastante copada y de paso practicamos ingles.
saludos!
Water Treatment Methods | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This information is intended to be educational in nature and should not be construed as medical advice. You should consult your physician regarding any specific medical conditions or questions and before taking any medications. Water can play a major role in the transmission of enteric infections, and virtually all of the agents that cause travellers' diarrhea may be present in contaminated water. Anywhere that trekkers are able to travel these days, people live or travel higher up; all ground water should be assumed to be contaminated. I feel strongly that travellers wishing to avoid diarrhea should not consume untreated water. Various water treatment methods are reviewed below. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bottled WaterBottled water is only as safe as the source. There are recorded instances of contaminated bottled water contributing to cholera epidemics. In an unpublished study performed in Kathmandu, randomly purchased bottles of various brands of water were cultured, and a significant percentage grew enteric pathogens (diarrhea-causing organisms). Carbonated water is acidic enough (due to the dissolved carbon dioxide) to kill contaminating bacteria. Bottled water has the disadvantage of being an additional expense, and is not always available. I also discourage trekkers from relying on bottled water for the simple reason that all of these plastic bottles are carried into the mountains, and none are ever carried out, producing a tremendous and completely unnecessary waste disposal problem. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HeatHeat kills microorganisms, and virtually all enteropathogens are readily killed at temperatures well below the boiling point. The process of heating water to a boil makes it hot enough long enough to disinfect it, even at elevations as high as Everest Base Camp (references 1,2). There is no need to boil water for 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes, as some guide books recommend! Bringing water to a boil is adequate for disinfection. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical TreatmentsChemical disinfection of water depends on the killing of bacteria, Giardia and amoeba cysts, and viruses by the chemical. Halogens (chlorine and iodine) are most commonly used. The important points are that the killing effectiveness of the chemical is dependant on concentration of the chemical, temperature of the water, and contact time. Decreased concentration (better flavor) or decreased temperature (inevitably the case in the mountains) requires a longer contact time for disinfection. Sediment (cloudy water) increases the need for halogen. Bear in mind that adding flavor crystals to your water will use up the halogen and should only be done AFTER the recommended contact time for disinfection. Remember: "Add Flavor Later." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FiltrationFilters work by physically removing infectious agents from the water. The organisms vary tremendously in size, from large parasitic cysts (Giardia and Entamoeba histolytica 5-30 µm), to smaller bacteria (E. coli 0.5 x 3 µm, Campylobacter 0.2 x 2 µm), to the smallest viruses (0.03 µm). Thus, how well filters work depends to a great extent on the physical size of the pores in the filter medium. Filters have the advantage of providing immediate access to drinking water without adding an unpleasant taste. However, they suffer from several disadvantages: micro cracks or eroded channels within the filter may allow passage of unfiltered water, they can become contaminated, and no filters sold for field use are fine enough to remove virus particles (Hepatitis A, rotavirus, Norwalk virus, poliovirus, and others). In addition, they are expensive and bulky compared to iodine. Alas, many travel filters are inadequate even to reliably remove E. coli, the most common infectious contaminant. Some filter manufacturers have added an iodine resin layer to the filter in order to kill any agents passing through the filter stage. Data on effectiveness is limited, but some models have still been shown to provide incomplete disinfection of contaminated water.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discussion and Personal PreferencesTrekkers visit Nepal in huge numbers, and have a significant impact on the environment here. There are some important steps they can take to minimize this negative impact. Using bottled water in remote areas is unsupportable. It results in a terrible waste problem with non-reusable, non-biodegradable plastic bottles. Boiling water requires heat, which may be from a kerosene stove or dried yak dung, but is often in the form of a wood fire. Burning wood = deforestation in many of these fragile mountainous areas. For this reason I encourage trekkers to enjoy hot drinks in the tea houses, but not ask for boiled water to fill their water bottles. Filters do not do an adequate job of disinfection, and so I see no point in spending money on them or taking up valuable backpack space carrying them. I recommend iodine as the treatment of choice, unless there are contraindications to its use. My own preference is to use Betadine® (10% povidone-iodine) in a small dropper bottle, and a one liter nalgene bottle. I fill up the bottle from a stream, drop in 4 drops of Betadine®, screw on the lid, and put it in my pack. Half an hour later, it is ready to drink. With minimal planning ahead, I rarely need water faster than this. I like this system because I carry Betadine® in my first aid kit anyway, and I personally think the flavor is less noxious than some other forms of iodine. I don't usually feel the need to add flavor crystals to my water, rather I joke that iodine is "the taste of safety." A little goes a long way: 30 ml of Betadine® is enough to disinfect 150 liters of water, or drinking water for about 50 days of active trekking (I am presuming that some additional fluid intake exists from tea, soup, meals, etc.). I encourage trekkers to try a "taste test" at home with the various forms of iodine to determine which form tastes least bad, what strength they can tolerate (balanced against the necessary contact time), and whether they need to plan on carrying bulky flavoring crystals. Try the vitamin C trick! |
A tener en cuenta para Tibet
SLDS!
- What is Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) And How to Avoid It
The high altitude and people's reaction to it is one of the difficulties to travel to Tibet. But it is not so serious as you imagined if you know it and get prepared for it.
*
What is High Altitude?
- High Altitude: 1500 - 3500 m (5000 - 11500 ft)
- Very High Altitude: 3500 - 5500 m (11500 - 18000 ft)
- Extreme Altitude: above 5500 m
When acclimatization lags significantly behind ascent, various symptoms occur. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) represents the body's intolerance of the hypoxic (low oxygen) environment at one's current elevation
*
What kinds of physiologic reactions will occur?
- Hyperventilation (breathing fast)
- Shortness of breath during exertion
- Increased urination
- Changed breathing pattern at night
- Awakening frequently at night
- Weird dreams
*
The altitudes of different places in Tibet
Place Altitude
Lhasa 3658 m
Nyingchi 3000 m
Nagqu 4507 m
Tsedang 3500 m
Qamdo 3205 m
Xigatse 3836 m
Damshung 4200 m
Gyangtse 4040 m
Pome 2750 m
Tingri 4300 m
Amdo 4800 m
Zayui 2325 m
Tips to avoid AMS
- Do exercises to keep you fit before coming to Tibet.
- Avoid catching a cold.
- Make sure you have a good sleep the night before you flying to Lhasa.
- You'd better not to take any activities for the first day in Tibet.
- After getting off your airplane in the airport, walk slowly, take some deep breath. Do not do anything severely.
- Ascend to higher altitude gradually. DO NOT ASCEND ANY HIGHER if you feel bad.
- Prepare some AMS pills according to your doctor's suggestion.
Nueva Zelanda - Auckland
En sí misma, es una conurbación formada por la propia ciudad de Auckland, o Auckland City, (excluyendo las islas del golfo de Hauraki), North Shore City y las partes urbanas de las ciudades de Waitakere, Manukau y los distritos de Papakura, Rodney y Franklin. En maorí, el nombre que recibe la ciudad es Tāmaki-makau-rau, o la versión transliteral de Auckland, Ākarana.
Auckland se encuentra entre el golfo de Hauraki y el Océano Pacífico al este, la cordillera Hunua al sureste, el puerto de Manuaku al suroeste y la cordillera Waitakere y menores cordilleras al oeste y noroeste. La parte central de la zona urbana ocupa un estrecho istmo situado entre el puerto de Manukau, abierto al Mar de Tasmania, al oeste y el de Waitemata, que se abre al golfo de Hauraki del Océano Pacífico, al este. Es una de las pocas ciudades del mundo que dispone de dos puertos en dos cuerpos de agua distintos. Al norte se encuentra la península de Whangaparaoa y al sur las Bombay Hills.